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- Biodiesel
production
from crude
Jatropha
curcas L. seed
oil with a
high content
of free fatty
acids: Bioresource
Technology,
Vol. 99, No.
6. (April
2008), pp.
1716-1721.A
technique to
produce
biodiesel from
crude Jatropha
curcas seed
oil (CJCO)
having high
free fatty
acids (15%FFA)
has been
developed. The
high FFA level
of JCJO was
reduced to
less than 1%
by a two-step
pretreatment
process. The
first step was
carried out
with 0.60 w/w
methanol-to-oi
l ratio in the
presence of 1%
w/w H2SO4 as
an acid
catalyst in
1-h reaction
at 50 °C.
After the
reaction, the
mixture was
allowed to
settle for 2 h
and the
methanol-water
mixture
separated at
the top layer
was removed.
The second
step was
transesterifie
d using
0.24 w/w
methanol to
oil and 1.4%
w/w NaOH to
oil as
alkaline
catalyst to
produce
biodiesel at
65 °C. The
final yield
for methyl
esters of
fatty acids
was achieved
ca. 90% in
2 h.
Source: Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, No. 6. (April 2008), pp. 1716-1721. - Extraction of
oil from
Jatropha
curcas L. seed
kernels by
combination of
ultrasonicatio
n and aqueous
enzymatic oil
extraction: Bioresource
Technology,
Vol. 96, No.
1. (January
2005), pp.
121-123.Use of
ultrasonicatio
n as a
pretreatment
before aqueous
oil extraction
and aqueous
enzymatic oil
extraction was
found to be
useful in the
case of
extraction of
oil from the
seeds of
Jatropha
curcas L. The
use of
ultrasonicatio
n for 10 min
at pH 9.0
followed by
aqueous oil
extraction
gave a yield
of 67%.
However, the
maximum yield
of 74% was
obtained by
ultrasonicatio
n for 5 min
followed by
aqueous
enzymatic oil
extraction
using an
alkaline
protease at pH
9.0. Use of
ultrasonicatio
n also
resulted in
reducing the
process time
from 18 to 6
h.
Source: Bioresource Technology, Vol. 96, No. 1. (January 2005), pp. 121-123. - Oil boom, a
blessing for
Mexico?: GeoJournal,
Vol. 7, No. 3.
(1 May 1983),
pp.
229-246.The
oil
discoveries in
Southern
Mexico are now
thought to be
linked in one
vast field a
geological
blessing that
could catapult
Mexico as the
world's second
largest oil
producer.
However, after
six years of
oil boom it is
now clear that
this does not
mean, by
itself, a
blessing for
Mexico.
Current
experience
leaves no
doubt that
Mexico's
problems can
not be solved
only by oil
exports.
Source: GeoJournal, Vol. 7, No. 3. (1 May 1983), pp. 229-246. - Why Foreign
Oil Companies
Shifted Their
Production
from Mexico to
Venezuela
during the
1920s: The American
Historical
Review, Vol.
90, No. 2.
(1985), pp.
362-385.
Source: The American Historical Review, Vol. 90, No. 2. (1985), pp. 362-385. - Qatar'sNatural
Gas:
TheForeign-Pol
icyDriver: Middle East
Policy, Vol.
14, No. 3.
(2007), pp.
136-142.
Source: Middle East Policy, Vol. 14, No. 3. (2007), pp. 136-142.
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